The author drilled a hole in a die and filled it with a lead weight, then proceeded to roll it 200 times. Here are the observed frequencies for the outcomes of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively: 27, 31, 42, 40, 28, 32. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that the outcomes are not equally likely. Does it appear that the loaded die behaves differently than a fair die?
Solution
The observed data is
position | Obs. Freq.$(O)$ | Prop. |
---|---|---|
1 | 27 | 0.1667 |
2 | 31 | 0.1667 |
3 | 42 | 0.1667 |
4 | 40 | 0.1667 |
5 | 28 | 0.1667 |
6 | 32 | 0.1667 |
Step 1 The null and alternative hypothesis are as follows:
$H_0:$ The loaded die does not behave differently than a fair die.
i.e., $H_0: p_1=p_2=p_3=p_4 = p_5=p_6=\frac{1}{6}=0.1666667$
$H_1:$ The loaded die behave differently than a fair die.
Step 2 Test statistic
The test statistic for testing above hypothesis is
$$ \begin{equation*} \chi^2= \sum \frac{(O_{i} -E_{i})^2}{E_{i}} \sim \chi^2_{(k-1)} \end{equation*} $$
Step 3 Level of Significance
The level of significance is $\alpha =0.01$.
Step 4 Critical value of $\chi^2$
The level of significance is $\alpha =0.01$. Degrees of freedom $df=k-1=6-1 =5$.
The critical value of $\chi^2$ for $df=5$ and $\alpha=0.01$ level of significance is $\chi^2 =15.0863$.
Step 5 Test Statistic
The expected frequencies can be calculated as
$$ \begin{equation*} E_{i} =N*p_i \end{equation*} $$
For example, $E_{1}$ is given by
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} E_{1} & = &N*p_1\\ &=& 200*0.1667\\ &=&33.34. \end{eqnarray*} $$
position | Obs. Freq.$(O)$ | Prop. $p_i$ | Expe.Freq.$(E)$ | $(O-E)^2/E$ |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 27 | 0.1667 | 33.34 | 1.206 |
2 | 31 | 0.1667 | 33.34 | 0.164 |
3 | 42 | 0.1667 | 33.34 | 2.249 |
4 | 40 | 0.1667 | 33.34 | 1.33 |
5 | 28 | 0.1667 | 33.34 | 0.855 |
6 | 32 | 0.1667 | 33.34 | 0.054 |
The test statistic is
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} \chi^2&=& \sum \frac{(O_{i} -E_{i})^2}{E_{i}} \sim \chi^2_{(k-1)}\\ &=&\frac{(27-33.34)^2}{33.34}+\cdots + \frac{(32-33.34)^2}{33.34}\\ &=& 1.206 +\cdots + 0.054\\ &=& 5.858. \end{eqnarray*} $$
Step 6 Decision (Traditional approach)
The test statistic is $\chi^2 =5.858$ which falls $outside$ the critical region bounded by the critical value $15.0863$, we $\textit{fail to reject}$ the null hypothesis.
OR
Step 6 Decision ($p$-value approach)
The p-value is $P(\chi^2_{5}>5.858) =0.32028$.
As the p-value $0.3203$ is $\textit{greater than}$ the significance level of $\alpha = 0.01$, we $\textit{fail to reject}$ the null hypothesis.
Thus we conclude that the loaded die does not behaves differently than a fair die.
Further Reading
- Statistics
- Descriptive Statistics
- Probability Theory
- Probability Distribution
- Hypothesis Testing
- Confidence interval
- Sample size determination
- Non-parametric Tests
- Correlation Regression
- Statistics Calculators